[Investigating prevalence rate and effective parameters on switching contraceptive methods]

Introduction: A change in the method of contraception result to changing in women's protection against pregnancy and they may encountered with unwanted pregnancy, therefore this study performed with aim determine of prevalence rate and effective parameters on switching contraceptive methods in women referred to health centers in the Tabriz

Method: This study was a descriptive - analytical and a kind of cross- sectional that performed on 861 women in the ages of fertility [15-49]. The research population was women in the ages of fertility that sampled by systematic random. The data were gathered by the researcher made five-part questionnaire. The value of questionnaire was gauged by content validity and test-re-test reliability[r=0.86]. The questionnaire based on the factors in switching of methods was formed in 5 parts: demographic characteristic, medical and fertility history, side effects of contraceptive methods, dissatisfaction of contraceptive method, and effective factors the choice of a new method or continue the previous method of contraception. Face-to-face interview was used to complete the questionnaire. The data analyzed at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics by software of SPSS v.13

Results: The mean age of women was 31/32 years. The prevalence rate of contraception methods switching was 16.8 percent. The results showed significant relation between the experience of side effects in hormonal methods [P=0.01] and condom method [P=0.001] by switching of the contraceptive methods. The most common side effect was mood changes for hormonal methods, an increased in volume of menstrual blood for IUD method, and vaginal sensitivity for condom method. Also the results showed significant relation between the dissatisfaction of hormonal methods [P<0.001], condom method [P<0.001] and traditional methods [P=0.01] by switching of the contraceptive methods. The most common dissatisfaction factor was forgetting of consumption for hormonal methods, fear of IUD fending off or having experimentation about it for IUD method, low quality of product result to lack of husband's desire in use for condom method and fear of fair in contraceptive method or having experimentations about it for traditional methods

Conclusion: Side effects of contraceptive methods and dissatisfaction of methods are the two effective factors in switching of contraceptive methods. In many cases health services providers can hope to long using of contraceptive and the effectiveness of their by providing sufficient education about the side effects, prescribing methods according to limitations and unique characteristics of clients and being of services in form of client-centered

[Achievement of educational goals from the perspectives of undergraduate nursing students and head nurses]

Nursing education at the undergraduate level is fundamental to the training of professional nurse. In this respect, the effectiveness of nursing education programs should be evaluated. Students are the main stockholders of the educational system and head nurses as the witnesses of students' effectiveness in patient care are placed in the best positions to evaluate the educational system. The purpose of this study was to assess the achievement of educational goals from the perspectives of undergraduate nursing students and head nurses. This descriptive study was based on the approach of management based evaluation using the CIPP's model. All senior students and head nurses were selected using the census sampling method. Data was gathered using a researcher-made questionnaire that had two parts: demographic data questions and achievement to educational objectives in provision of care to patients. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The majority of the students [63%] and head nurses [80%] reported the level of achievement of the educational objectives as partly desirable. Despite the higher scores from students' perspectives compared to those of head nurses, no significant difference was reported between the two groups regarding achievement of educational goals [P=0.79]. Despite the partly desirable level of achievement of educational goals, the recognition of obstacles to achievement of the goals are suggested

[ effect of a skill-training model on nursing students' skills in communicating with mental patients]

The effects of teaching communication skills using a specific model on nursing students' skill in communicating with mental patients has less been a subject of investigation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a communication skills' teaching model on nursing students' communicating with mental patients. This quasi-experimental study was conducted as pretest-posttest design, on 49 senior nursing students in two groups of control [24 students] and experiment [25 students]. After performing the pretest of communication skills, both groups spent 12 days of clinical education for communication skills. The experiment group was taught using the mentioned model and the students of control group had the traditional training. After finishing the educational course, students' progress in communication skills in the two groups was compared. An integrated checklist was used for gathering data. Students' skills in interviewing mental patients were observed and the results were analyzed by SPSS software using Wilcoxon and MannWittney tests. Both methods of training improved students' communication skills with mental patients. Comparing the two methods, the mentioned training model showed a significantly higher level of improvement in nursing students' communication skills. In spite of the significant effect of the mentioned model on improving nursing students' communi-cation skills, due to the lack of enough evidence in this regard, conducting further studies in this area is recommended

[Physical violence in working environments: viewpoints of EMT personnel in east Azerbaijan province]

Emergency medical technician [EMT] personnel encounter with their patients in stressful situations which may result in workplace violence [WPV] against them. There is no relevant study undertaken to investigate physical WPV against Iranian EMT personnel yet. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the nature of physical WPV toward EMT personnel in East Azerbaijan Province [EAP]. This descriptive study was undertaken in 2008, with a sample of 160 EMT personnel drawn from pre-hospital settings in EAP. They were selected by census sampling. Data were gathered through a posted questionnaire [with a response rate of 86.25%] consisting of participants' social and personal characteristics, the prevalence of physical assaults and violence incidence's relevant factors from their point of view. All statistics were computed using the SPSS software [version 13]. Results showed that 37.7% of respondents experienced physical assault during the previous year. The most frequent response to physical WPV was [to invite the offender to calm down] [52.9%] since they considered it useless to follow up the case [34.1%].The study reveals the high frequency of violent events on EMT personnel in EAP, compare to other countries. To make the violence level against personnel down, public education and continuing education for EMT personnel is recommended

[Nursing students attitude toward mental illnesses]

Attitudes play an important role in directing human behaviors to goals, being aware of outcomes and efficient processing of complex information about the life world. People preparedness for accepting and supporting mentally ill persons has a great impact on patients' successful integration in the society. The study aimed at assessing the attitude of nursing students toward mental illnesses. In this descriptive-analytical study, a census sample of 153 nursing students who were studying in second semester was participated [Total numbers of study population]. Data was gathered using a two-part questionnaire consisted of demographic characteristics and a 34 items questionnaire on attitude toward mental illnesses [OMI]. Data were analyzed by SPSS [version 11.5] software. The results indicate that participants' mean scores of OMI, was higher than the test's average score and students had a positive attitude toward mental illnesses [117.44 +/- 13.18]. One-way analysis of variance showed a significant mean difference among students in different education years [F=6.69, P